New Lattice QCD Calculation Confirms Standard Model Prediction of Muon’s Magnetic Moment
A research team led by Professor Hartmut Wittig from the PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz has successfully calculated the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon using lattice quantum chromodynamics (lattice QCD) methods. Their findings align with recent experimental measurements, marking a significant departure from earlier theoretical predictions.
The anomalous magnetic moment, a key precision parameter in particle physics, plays a critical role in testing the Standard Model. This property is intrinsic to elementary particles, such as the electron and muon. Accurate calculations within the Standard Model have proven to be a significant challenge, particularly due to the complexities introduced by the strong interaction, which governs the forces between quarks in protons and neutrons.
In recent years, as experimental measurements have become more precise, the focus shifted to theoretical predictions and whether they would diverge significantly from observed results, potentially indicating new physics beyond the Standard Model. A major source of uncertainty in these calculations lies in the contribution of hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP), which has traditionally been determined using a data-driven method based on experimental data.
This approach, however, resulted in a significant discrepancy from the experimental measurements, fueling speculation about the potential existence of new physics. Wittig's team addressed this challenge by using the lattice QCD method, a complementary technique that allows the strong interaction contributions to be calculated numerically using supercomputers, bypassing the need for experimental data.
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Their results confirm earlier indications that the data-driven method and lattice QCD calculations diverged. Furthermore, the new lattice QCD results agree with the experimental measurements, providing further confirmation of the Standard Model. This conclusion is in contrast to a 2020 reference value published by the Muon g-2 Theory Initiative, which was based on the data-driven method and showed a notable deviation from recent experimental results.
The discrepancy raised by the CMD-3 experiment in Novosibirsk in February 2023 further questioned the validity of the 2020 reference value, as the Standard Model predictions varied depending on which data set was used. Wittig’s group’s lattice QCD calculations offer a more reliable approach, providing results that do not rely on experimental data.
This breakthrough strengthens the case for the Standard Model, but also opens new avenues for future research into the nature of fundamental interactions.